1. Laws of Chemical Combination

• Law of Conservation of Mass (Antoine Lavoisier).
• Law of Definite Proportions (Proust’s Law).
• Law of Multiple Proportions (Dalton’s Law).
• Gay-Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes.
• Avogadro’s Law (Equal volumes of gases contain equal number of molecules at same temperature and pressure).

2. Dalton’s Atomic Theory

• Postulates and limitations.

3. Atomic and Molecular Masses

• Atomic mass, molecular mass, and formula mass.
• Calculation of molecular mass using atomic masses.

4. Mole Concept and Molar Mass

• Definition of mole.
• Avogadro’s number (6.022 × 10²³ particles).
• Molar mass and its calculation.

5. Percentage Composition

• Formula for percentage composition of elements in a compound.

6. Empirical and Molecular Formula

• Determination of empirical and molecular formulas from percentage composition.

7. Stoichiometry and Stoichiometric Calculations

• Balancing chemical equations.
• Stoichiometric coefficients and their significance.
• Limiting reagent concept.
• Calculations of reactants and products based on balanced equations.

8. Concentration Terms in Solutions

• Mass percentage (% w/w)
• Volume percentage (% v/v)
• Molarity (M)
• Molality (m)
• Normality (N)
• Mole fraction